Cancer drugs are most effective when given in combination. The rationale for combination therapy is to use drugs that work by different mechanisms, thereby decreasing the likelihood that resistant cancer cells will develop. When drugs with different effects are combined, each drug can be used at its optimal dose, without intolerable side effects. (See also Cancer Treatment Principles.)
For some cancers, the best approach is a combination of cancer surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy or other cancer drugs. Surgery or radiation therapy treats cancer that is confined locally, while cancer drugs also kill the cancer cells that have spread to distant sites. Sometimes radiation therapy or drug therapy is given before surgery to shrink a tumor, thereby improving the opportunity for complete surgical removal (this technique is called neoadjuvant therapy). Radiation therapy and/or drug therapy given after surgery (called adjuvant therapy) help to destroy any remaining cancer cells.
The stage and type of the cancer often determines whether single therapy or combination therapy is needed. For example, early-stage breast cancer may be treated with surgery alone or surgery combined with radiation therapy, drug therapy, or with all three treatments, depending on the size of the tumor and the risk of recurrence. Locally advanced breast cancer is usually treated with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgery.
Sometimes combination drug therapy is used not to cure but to reduce symptoms and prolong life. Combination drug therapy can be useful for people with advanced cancers that are not suitable for radiation therapy or surgical treatment (for example, people with non–small cell lung cancer, esophageal cancer, or bladder cancer that cannot be completely removed by surgery).
Posts made by Tanya Shivari
-
Combination cancer therapy
-
Violence in children and adolescents
Many children and adolescents occasionally have physical confrontations with others, but most children and adolescents do not continue violent behavior or engage in violent crime. However, children who become violent before puberty may be at higher risk of committing crimes.
There is little evidence that violent behavior is caused by genetic defects or chromosomal abnormalities. Known risk factors for violence include the following:Intense corporal punishment (such as punching or beating) inflicted on the child
Alcohol and drug abuse by caregivers of the child
Gang involvement
Developmental issues
Poverty
Access to firearmsThere seems to be a relationship between violence and access to firearms, exposure to violence through media (such as social media and news platforms), and exposure to child abuse and domestic violence.
Violent video games may desensitize children to violence. Although experts do not think they actually cause children to become violent, children exposed to them are more used to violence being part of life.
(See also Overview of Behavioral Problems in Children and Behavioral Problems in Adolescents.) -
Macrocephaly
Macrocephaly is the technical term for a large head.
Macrocephaly can be normal or caused by genetic disorders or other disorders.
Diagnosis is made before birth through routine ultrasound tests or after birth by measuring the head circumference.
Doctors usually do imaging tests to look for brain abnormalities and sometimes blood tests to look for a cause.
Treatment for macrocephaly depends on the cause, and sometimes, if no problems are found, no treatment is necessary.(See also Overview of Brain and Spinal Cord Birth Defects.)
Infants with macrocephaly have a head circumference that is considerably larger than others of the same age.
Macrocephaly can be classified asDisproportionate: The head is larger than appropriate for the child
-
RE: Grunts
Fat [toothless] cunt who claims to like [motorcycles] but went and bought a [bmx] anyway!
-
Hemolytic disease of the newborn
Hemolytic disease of the newborn is a condition in which red blood cells are broken down or destroyed by the mothers antibodies. Hemolysis is the breakdown of red blood cells.
- This disorder may occur if a mother
-
Osteogenesisimperfecta
An inherited disorder characterized by extreme fragility of the bones.
-
RE: Idea drop
Share challenges, capture, evaluate and execute the most impactful ideas at scale on the leading global idea management platform. A software product by Idea Drop
-
Pneumothorax in the newborn
Pneumothorax is a collection of air between the lung and the chest wall that develops when air leaks out of the lung.
This disorder may develop in newborns who have lung disorders such as respiratory distress syndrome or meconium aspiration syndrome, who are treated with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), or who are using a ventilator.
The lung may collapse, breathing may be difficult, and blood pressure may decrease.
The diagnosis is based on presence of breathing trouble, the results of a chest x-ray, and usually on the amount of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the newborn -
RE: Mayhem
Apparently, its [Dean Winters] causing damage to everyones car and making you wait 97 minutes [on hold] while trying to reach your [insurance company], and yet its impossible to hate this guy.
-
Kawasakidisease
A disease in young children with an unknown cause, giving rise to a rash, glandular swelling, and sometimes damage to the heart.
-
Failure to thrive
Failure to thrive is a delay in weight gain and physical growth that can lead to delays in development and maturation.
Medical disorders and a lack of proper nutrition are causes of failure to thrive.
The diagnosis is based on a child -
Silken saddle
The act of [sliding] a [scarf] or other [fabric] between ones legs and/or riding a scarf held up by others.
-
Expertfile
The worlds first expertise marketing platform helping organizations drive reputation and revenues by leveraging their biggest asset. A software product by ExpertFile
-
Cybertools for libraries
Library Services Platform encompassing and ILS/Integrated Library System ERM/Electronic Resource Management A-Z List Manager. A software product by CyberTools
-
Autonomiq
Autonomous testing and operations capabilities using AI and machine learning technologies. A software product by AutonomIQ
-
Anorectal fistula
An anorectal fistula is an abnormal channel that leads from the anus or rectum usually to the skin near the anus but occasionally to another organ, such as the vagina.
Anorectal fistulas are common among people who have an anorectal abscess, Crohn disease, or tuberculosis.
Anorectal fistulas can cause pain and produce pus.
The diagnosis is based on an examination and other viewing techniques.
Treatment nearly always involves surgery, but some less invasive alternatives now exist.The rectum is the section of the digestive tract above the anus where stool is held before it passes out of the body through the anus. The anus is the opening at the end of the digestive tract where stool leaves the body. (See also Overview of the Anus and Rectum.)
Most fistulas begin in a deep gland in the wall of the anus or rectum. Sometimes fistulas occur after drainage of an anorectal abscess, but often the cause cannot be identified. Fistulas are more common among people with Crohn disease or tuberculosis. They also occur in people with tumors, diverticulitis, cancer, or an anal or rectal injury. A fistula in an infant is usually a birth defect and is more common among boys than girls.
Fistulas that connect the rectum and vagina (called rectovaginal fistulas) may result from radiation therapy, cancer, Crohn disease, or an injury to a mother during childbirth. -
Call record analyzer
Call Record Analyzer (CRA) is a Cloud CDR/CMR analytics and troubleshooting platform for Cisco UC environments. A software product by Intelligent Visibility
-
Foreign bodies in the digestive tract
Foreign bodies are ingested objects that can get stuck in the digestive tract and sometimes perforate (pierce) it.
Foreign bodies may be accidentally or intentionally swallowed.
Foreign bodies may cause no symptoms or may cause symptoms depending on where they become stuck.
The diagnosis may be based on a combination of x-rays, endoscopy, or sometimes computed tomography.
Most foreign bodies pass without treatment, but some need to be removed endoscopically, surgically, or manually.Foreign bodies can get stuck in various parts of the digestive tract such as the
Esophagus (most common)
Stomach
Intestine
RectumForeign bodies may be accidentally swallowed. Children may swallow small, round foods (such as grapes, peanuts, or candies), which may become stuck. In addition, curious infants and toddlers often accidentally swallow a wide variety of inedible objects (such as coins and disk or button batteries), some of which become stuck in the esophagus. People who wear dentures, older people, and intoxicated adults are at risk of accidentally swallowing inadequately chewed food (particularly meat such as steak or hot dogs), which may become stuck in the esophagus.
Sometimes foreign bodies are swallowed purposely, as when smugglers (body packers) or body stuffers swallow balloons, packages, or vials filled with illegal drugs to evade detection. Prison inmates and people who have mental health disorders may also purposely and repeatedly swallow foreign bodies.
If undigestible objects are small, they pass through the digestive system until they are passed with stool. However, larger objects or sharp ones, such as toothpicks and chicken or fish bones, may get stuck in the esophagus or stomach or at areas of the intestine that have sharp turns or are naturally narrow or narrowed by disease, a previous surgery, tumors, or abnormal structures. Objects that pass all the way through the intestines may still become stuck in the rectum.
Foreign bodies may be inserted in the rectum intentionally (such as during sexual play) but may become stuck unintentionally (see also Foreign Objects in the Rectum). -
RE: Catapult
On demand influencer marketing. A software product by Indie Boost