Definitions

Fulling, also known as tucking or walking (Scots: waukin, hence often spelled waulking in Scottish English), is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of woven cloth (particularly wool) to eliminate (lanoline) oils, dirt, and other impurities, and to make it shrink by friction and pressure. The work delivers a smooth, tightly finished fabric that is isolating and water repellent. Well known example are duffel cloth, first produced in Flanders in the 14th century and loden, produced in Austria from the 16th century on. Waulking could be done with the hands and feet. In Medieval Europe, it was done in water-powered fulling mills. After the industrial revolution, coal and electric power were used. Felting refers more generally to the interlocking of loose wool fibers; they need not be spun and woven first.

The African crocodile is a term that generally refers any of the three species of crocodiles found in Africa. This includes the Nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the African dwarf crocodile (Osteolaemus tetraspis), and the slender-snouted crocodile (Mecistops cataphractus). They are large semiaquatic reptiles that live throughout the tropics in Africa. African crocodiles are carnivorous, preying on various species and even capable of taking large ungulates. Their behavior and characteristics can differ slightly depending on the exact species.

Hyperoodon is a genus of beaked whales, often referred to as bottlenose whales, which includes two species: the Northern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon ampullatus) and the Southern Bottlenose Whale (Hyperoodon planifrons). They are marine mammals characterized by a unique bulbous forehead and long, slender beak. They are renowned for their deep diving behavior and are found in the cold waters of the North Atlantic for the Northern species, and southern hemisphere for the Southern species.

A semilunar valve is a type of heart valve that has half-moon like flaps or cusps. It prevents the backflow of blood from the arteries to the ventricles of the heart during diastole. There are two semilunar valves in the heart, the aortic valve and the pulmonary valve. The aortic valve regulates blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta, and the pulmonary valve controls blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery.

Cohune fat is a type of oil derived from the cohune palm tree nut. It is often used for cooking, soap-making, and other industrial purposes. It is highly sought after due to its long shelf-life and heat stability characteristics. The oil is extracted by cold pressing the nuts and is considered a high-quality fat similar to coconut oil. It is a common ingredient in some Central and South American cuisines.

Draba verna, also known as spring draba or shadflower, is a species of flowering plant in the mustard family. It is often found in rocky areas and can grow in various types of stressful environments, like heavy metal-polluted soil. This plant blooms in early spring producing small white flowers. It is native to Eurasia but has spread to many other parts of the world.

incapable of being overcome or subdued

Portulaca oleracea (common purslane, also known as little hogweed, or pursley) is an annual (actually tropical perennial in USDA growing zones 10–11) succulent in the family Portulacaceae.

Carpodacus is a genus of birds in the finch family. These birds differentiate themselves by their colorful plumage. The genus includes species such as the Purple Finch, Cassins Finch, and House Finch, which are generally found in North America and Eurasia.

A flat, pentagonal, rubber object placed at the center of the batters box, which is used as a basis for judging pitched strikes and balls, and the touching of which by a runner advancing from or past third base scores a run.

George Otto Trevelyan (1838–1928) was a British historian and statesman. He is best known for his works on the history of the 17th and 18th centuries, as well as his comprehensive biography on his uncle, Lord Macaulay. As a statesman, Trevelyan served as a Member of Parliament, and held several government positions including Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Secretary for Scotland. He was a strong advocate for social reform and Irish Home Rule. He was also a part of William Gladstones mid-Victorian Liberal Party and later praised for his administrative and political efforts in the post as the last Secretary of Scotland directly appointed by the monarch. His historical writings have remained influential and are still studied today for their detailed accounts and clear narrative style.

Genus Fortunella is a classification of small, fruit-bearing trees in the Rutaceae (rue or citrus) family, native to Asia. It includes several species that produce fruits known as kumquats, which are small, edible, oval citrus fruit that can be eaten whole, including its peel. These trees are generally cultivated for their fruit and as ornamental trees due to their glossy dark green foliage and fragrant flowers.

any orchid of the genus Oncidium: characterized by slender branching sprays of small yellow and brown flowers; often grown as houseplants

Detested refers to something or someone that is intensely disliked or abhorred. It involves a strong negative feeling towards something, often associated with disgust or deep disapproval.

The upland sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda) is a large sandpiper, closely related to the curlews. Older names are the upland plover and Bartrams sandpiper. In Louisiana, it is also colloquially known as the papabotte. It is the only member of the genus Bartramia. The genus name and the old common name Bartrams sandpiper commemorate the American naturalist William Bartram. The species name longicauda is from Latin longus, long and caudus, tail. The name Bartrams sandpiper was made popular by Alexander Wilson, who was taught ornithology and natural history illustration by Bartram.

The British Isles are a group of islands in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-western coast of continental Europe, consisting of the islands of Great Britain, Ireland, the Isle of Man, the Inner and Outer Hebrides, the Northern Isles, and over six thousand smaller islands. They have a total area of 315,159 km2 (121,684 sq mi) and a combined population of almost 72 million, and include two sovereign states, the Republic of Ireland (which covers roughly five-sixths of Ireland), and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The Channel Islands, off the north coast of France, are normally taken to be part of the British Isles, even though they do not form part of the archipelago.The oldest rocks are 2.7 billion years old and are found in Ireland, Wales and the northwest of Scotland. During the Silurian period, the north-western regions collided with the south-east, which had been part of a separate continental landmass. The topography of the islands is modest in scale by global standards. Ben Nevis, the highest mountain, rises to only 1,345 metres (4,413 ft), and Lough Neagh, which is notably larger than other lakes in the island group, covers 390 square kilometres (151 sq mi). The climate is temperate marine, with cool winters and warm summers. The North Atlantic drift brings significant moisture and raises temperatures 11 °C (20 °F) above the global average for the latitude. This led to a landscape that was long dominated by temperate rainforest, although human activity has since cleared the vast majority of forest cover. The region was re-inhabited after the last glacial period of Quaternary glaciation, by 12,000 BC, when Great Britain was still part of a peninsula of the European continent. Ireland was only connected to Great Britain by way of an ice bridge ending by 14,000 BC, and was not inhabited until after 8000 BC. Great Britain became an island by 7000 BC with the flooding of Doggerland.The Hiberni (Ireland), Picts (northern Great Britain) and Britons (southern Great Britain), all speaking Insular Celtic languages, inhabited the islands at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. Much of Brittonic-occupied Britain was conquered by the Roman Empire from AD 43. The first Anglo-Saxons arrived as Roman power waned in the 5th century, and eventually they dominated the bulk of what is now England. Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements and political change, particularly in England. The Norman conquest of England in 1066 and the later Angevin partial conquest of Ireland from 1169 led to the imposition of a new Norman ruling elite across much of Britain and parts of Ireland. By the Late Middle Ages, Great Britain was separated into the Kingdom of England and Kingdom of Scotland, while control in Ireland fluxed between Gaelic kingdoms, Hiberno-Norman lords and the English-dominated Lordship of Ireland, soon restricted only to The Pale. The 1603 Union of the Crowns, Acts of Union 1707 and Acts of Union 1800 aimed to consolidate Great Britain and Ireland into a single political unit, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, with the Isle of Man and the Channel Islands remaining as Crown Dependencies. The expansion of the British Empire and migrations following the Irish Famine and Highland Clearances resulted in the dispersal of some of the islands population and culture throughout the world, and rapid depopulation of Ireland in the second half of the 19th century. Most of Ireland seceded from the United Kingdom after the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Anglo-Irish Treaty (1919–1922), with six counties remaining in the UK as Northern Ireland. In Ireland, the term British Isles is controversial, and there are objections to its usage. The Government of Ireland does not officially recognise the term, and its embassy in London discourages its use. Britain and Ireland is used as an alternative description, and Atlantic Archipelago has also seen limited use in academia.