Design Pattern

[Hina Muqadas]

Design patterns are reusable solutions for software development. They serve as templates that programmers can use when creating applications. They are not specific to individual programming languages, but instead are best practices or heuristics that can be applied in different programming environments.
While design patterns are not language-dependent, they often include objects or classes. Therefore, they are typically associated with object-oriented programming. Individual patterns can be classified into three different categories: 1) creational patterns, 2) structural patterns, and 3) behavioral patterns.

Creational Patterns

Creational design patterns describe ways to create objects using methods that are appropriate for different situations. For example, the Singleton pattern is used to create a basic class that will only have one instance. A common example is a global variable defined in the source code of a program. An Object Pool pattern is used to create a class with a pool of objects that can be retrieved as needed instead of being recreated. This is often used for caching purposes.

Structural Patterns

Structural design patterns define the relationships between objects. For example, the Private Class Data pattern is used to limit access to a specific class. This can prevent unwanted modification of an object. The Decorator class, on the other hand, allows behaviors and states to be added to an object at runtime. This provides programmers with the flexibility to add as many classes to an object as needed. One example is an avatar in a video game that accumulates weapons, armor, and items throughout the game. The appropriately named Decorator class would provide a good framework for this process.

Behavioral Patterns

Behavioral design patterns describe the behavior of objects, such as the way they communicate with each other. One example is the Command pattern, which describes objects that execute commands. The Memento pattern records the state of an object so it can be restored to its saved stated. These two patterns can be used together to perform Undo and Redo operations in a program.
Each of the three categories include several other design patterns that programmers can use. While the patterns provide helpful templates for software developers, they are sometimes criticized for being unnecessary or not specific enough for certain applications. Therefore, while design patterns are useful tools for programming, they do not need to be followed exactly to create a well-designed software program.