Proximal humeral fractures

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Proximal humeral fractures are proximal to the surgical neck (see figure Key anatomic landmarks in the proximal humerus). Most are minimally displaced and angulated. Diagnosis is by plain x-ray or sometimes CT. Most of these fractures can be treated with a sling, a swathe, and early mobilization.
(See also Overview of Fractures.)
Proximal humeral fractures are especially common among the elderly. A few patients have axillary nerve damage (reducing sensation over the middle deltoid) or axillary artery damage. Contractures may develop after only a few days of immobilization, particularly in the elderly.