Overview of gastrointestinal disorders in neonates and infants

[Michiko]

Gastrointestinal disorders can affect neonates and infants:

Gastroesophageal reflux
Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis
Intussusception
Meconium ileus
Meconium plug syndrome
Necrotizing enterocolitis
Neonatal cholestasis

Neonates are also susceptible to miscellaneous surgical emergencies (inguinal hernia, gastric perforation, ileal perforation, and mesenteric arterial occlusion).
Infectious gastroenteritis is the most common pediatric gastrointestinal disorder. About 3 to 5 billion episodes occur worldwide each year, most commonly in developing countries among children lt; #160;5#160;years of age. Death due to diarrhea and dehydration occurs in about 1.5 to 2.5 million children per year. In the US, more than 350 million cases of infectious gastroenteritis occur annually, resulting in 100 to 300 deaths. About 2% of children in developed countries will require hospitalization at some time because of acute gastroenteritis and dehydration. In the US, acute gastroenteritis accounts for an estimated 200,000 hospitalizations and 1.5 million outpatient visits at a cost in excess of 2 billion dollars. The incidence of rotavirus gastroenteritis, which was the most common viral cause, has decreased by 58 to 90% because of routine administration of the rotavirus vaccines. Norovirus is now the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in children in the US (1).
(See also Dehydration and Fluid Therapy in Children.)