Overview of neonatal infections

[Michiko]

Neonatal infection can be acquired

In utero transplacentally or through ruptured membranes
In the birth canal during delivery (intrapartum)
From external sources after birth (postpartum)

Common viral agents include herpes simplex viruses, HIV, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B. Intrapartum infection with HIV or hepatitis B occurs from passage through an infected birth canal or by ascending infection if delivery is delayed after rupture of membranes; these viruses can less commonly be transmitted transplacentally. CMV is commonly transmitted transplacentally.
Bacterial agents include group B streptococci, enteric gram-negative organisms (primarily Escherichia coli), Listeria monocytogenes, gonococci, and chlamydiae.