Overview of perinatal respiratory disorders


  • Extensive physiologic changes accompany the birth process (see also Neonatal Pulmonary Function), sometimes unmasking conditions that posed no problem during intrauterine life. For that reason, a person with neonatal resuscitation skills must attend each birth. Gestational age and growth parameters help identify the risk of neonatal pathology.
    Respiratory problems in neonates include

    Apnea of prematurity
    Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
    Meconium aspiration syndrome
    Persistent pulmonary hypertension
    Pulmonary air-leak syndromes
    Respiratory distress syndrome
    Transient tachypnea

    Symptoms and signs of respiratory distress vary and include the following:

    Grunting
    Nasal flaring
    Intercostal, subcostal, and suprasternal retractions
    Weak breathing, irregular breathing, or a combination
    Tachypnea and apneic spells
    Cyanosis, pallor, mottling, delayed capillary refill, or a combination
    Hypotension

    In neonates, symptoms and signs may be apparent immediately on delivery or develop minutes or hours afterward.


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