A striped racer, also known as the California whipsnake, is a species of non-venomous snake native to the coast and foothills of California. It is a long, slender, and fast-moving snake, identified by its distinctive stripes running down the length of its body. They primarily feed on lizards and small rodents. The scientific name for this species is Masticophis lateralis.
Overview of environmental pulmonary disease
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Environmental pulmonary diseases result from inhalation of dusts, allergens, chemicals, gases, or environmental pollutants. The lungs are continually exposed to the external environment and are susceptible to a host of environmental challenges. Pathologic processes can involve any part of the lungs, including the
Airways (eg, in occupational asthma, reactive airways dysfunction syndrome, toxic inhalations, air pollution-related illness, or byssinosis)
Lung parenchyma (eg, in pneumoconioses, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, or silicosis)
Pleura (eg, in asbestos-related diseases)Environmental inhalation exposure has long been known to be a risk factor for asthma (see Occupational Asthma), but it is also increasingly being recognized as a non-smoking cause of COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). The American Thoracic Society estimates the population-attributable fraction of COPD related to occupational and environmental exposures to be about 20% (ie, COPD incidence and mortality would decline by about 20% if environmental exposures were reduced to zero).
Clinicians should take an occupational and environmental history in all patients, asking specifically about past and current exposure to vapors, gases, dust, fumes, and/or biomass smoke (ie, from burning wood, animal waste, crops). Any positive response is followed by more detailed questions.
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