The [disingenuous] use of Presidential Power to favorably manipulate a [targeted individuals] behavior, while never intending to actually execute a [pardon] order.
Posts made by Tanya Shivari
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Dangled pardon
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RE: Yo
In the English language, yo has become a common interjection that originated decades ago in the Philadelphia region. It is often interchangeable with the word hey, as in Yo, whats up? or, Yo! Wait for me! While the word can also stand alone as a greeting, like the word hey, it also has a wide range of meanings that depend on the tone, context, and situation in which it is used. (see examples)
In more recent times the word has spread into hip-hop or gangsta culture. A parody of such usage forms the basis for a comic exchange between the animated characters played by Robert DeNiro and [Martin Scorsese] ([Shark Tale], 2004), which can be viewed here (http://yoism.org/index.php?id=[YoST]/).
Members of this later cultural scene may claim its origin as theirs. The words origin, however, clearly predates these recent uses, as is evidenced by the words of [Rocky Balboa] (played by Sylvester Stallone)
Yo, Adrienne, its me, Rocky... Rocky Balboa (Rocky, 1976)
Yo, Adrienne. We did it! Rocky Balboa (Rocky II, 1979) -
How to assess muscle strength
Patients who report weakness may mean fatigue, clumsiness, or true muscle weakness. Thus, the examiner must define the precise character of symptoms, including exact location, time of occurrence, precipitating and ameliorating factors, and associated symptoms and signs.
Limbs are inspected for weakness (when extended, a weak limb drifts downward), tremor, and other involuntary movements. The strength of specific muscle groups is tested against resistance, and one side of the body is compared with the other. However, pain may preclude a full effort during strength testing.
With hysterical or factitious weakness, resistance to movement may be initially normal, followed by a sudden giving way, or patients may not use supporting muscles appropriately. For example, patients with true deltoid weakness use accessory muscles that tilt their trunk and neck away from the weak deltoid because they want to prevent the examiner from overcoming their weakness. In contrast, in patients with factitious deltoid weakness (eg, due to malingering), the shoulder and head tilt toward the weak deltoid as the muscle is overcome, indicating their lack of effort.
Subtle weakness may be indicated by decreased arm swing while walking, pronator drift in an outstretched arm, decreased spontaneous use of a limb, an externally rotated leg, slowing of rapid alternating movements, or impairment of fine dexterity (eg, ability to fasten a button, open a safety pin, or remove a match from its box).
Strength should be graded. The following scale, originally developed by The Medical Research Council of the United Kingdom, is now used universally:0: No visible muscle contraction
1: Visible muscle contraction with no or trace movement
2: Limb movement, but not against gravity
3: Movement against gravity but not resistance
4: Movement against at least some resistance supplied by the examiner
5: Full strengthThe difficulty with this and similar scales is the large range in strength possible between grades 4 and 5.
Distal strength can be semiquantitatively measured with a handgrip ergometer or with an inflated BP cuff squeezed by the patient.
Functional testing often provides a better picture of the relationship between strength and disability. As the patient does various maneuvers, deficiencies are noted and quantified as much as possible (eg, number of squats done or steps climbed). Rising from a squatting position or stepping onto a chair tests proximal leg strength; walking on the heels and on tiptoe tests distal strength. Pushing with the arms to get out of a chair indicates quadriceps weakness. Swinging the body to move the arms indicates shoulder girdle weakness. Rising from the supine position by turning prone, kneeling, and using the hands to climb up the thighs and slowly push erect (Gowers sign) suggests pelvic girdle weakness.
(See also How to Assess the Motor System and Introduction to the Neurologic Examination.) -
How to assess the autonomic nervous system
Assessment of the autonomic nervous system involves checking for the following:
Postural hypotension
Heart rate changes in response to the Valsalva maneuver
Decreased or absent sweating
Evidence of Horner syndrome (unilateral ptosis, pupillary constriction, facial anhidrosis)Disturbances of bowel, bladder, sexual, and hypothalamic function should be noted.
(See also Introduction to the Neurologic Examination and Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System.) -
Neuropathic pain
Neuropathic pain results from damage to or dysfunction of the peripheral or central nervous system, rather than stimulation of pain receptors. Diagnosis is suggested by pain out of proportion to tissue injury, dysesthesia (eg, burning, tingling), and signs of nerve injury detected during neurologic examination. Although neuropathic pain responds to opioids, treatment is often with adjuvant drugs (eg, antidepressants, antiseizure drugs, baclofen , topical drugs).
(See also Overview of Pain.)
Pain can develop after injury to any level of the nervous system, peripheral or central; the sympathetic nervous system may be involved (causing sympathetically maintained pain). Specific syndromes includePostherpetic neuralgia
Root avulsions
Painful traumatic mononeuropathy
Painful polyneuropathy (including neuropathy due to diabetes or chemotherapy)
Central pain syndromes (potentially caused by virtually any lesion at any level of the nervous system)
Postsurgical pain syndromes (eg, postmastectomy syndrome, postthoracotomy syndrome, phantom limb pain)
Complex regional pain syndrome (reflex sympathetic dystrophy and causalgia) -
Intermediate grade gasoline
A grade of unleaded gasoline with an octane rating intermediate between regular and premium. Octane boosters are added to gasolines to control engine pre-ignition or knocking by slowing combustion rates.
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Industrial restrictions (coal)
Land-use restrictions that constrain, postpone, or prohibit mining in order to meet other industrial needs or goals; for example, resources not mined due to safety concerns or due to industrial or societal priorities, such as to preserve oil or gas wells that penetrate the coal reserves; to protect surface features such as pipelines, power lines, or company facilities; or to preserve public or private assets, such as highways, railroads, parks, or buildings.
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Whatgoesaroundcomesaround
The consequences of ones actions will have to be dealt with eventually.
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Memory loss
Memory loss is a common complaint in the primary care setting. It is particularly common among the elderly but also may be reported by younger people. Sometimes family members rather than the patient report the memory loss (typically in an elderly person, often one with dementia).
Clinicians and patients are often concerned that the memory loss indicates impending dementia. Such concern is based on the common knowledge that the first sign of dementia typically is memory loss. However, most memory loss does not represent the onset of dementia.
The most common and earliest complaints of memory loss usually involveDifficulty remembering names and the location of car keys or other commonly used items
As memory loss becomes more severe, people may not remember to pay bills or keep appointments. People with severe memory loss may have dangerous lapses, such as forgetting to turn off a stove, to lock the house when leaving, or to keep track of an infant or child they are supposed to watch. Other symptoms (eg, depression, confusion, personality change, difficulty with activities of daily living) may be present depending on the cause of memory loss.
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RE: Heliostat
An apparatus containing a movable or driven mirror, used to reflect sunlight in a fixed direction.
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RE: Iodine deficiency
In the body, iodine (I) is involved primarily in the synthesis of 2 thyroid hormones, thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).
Iodine occurs in the environment and in the diet primarily as iodide. In adults, about 80% of the iodide absorbed is trapped by the thyroid gland. Most environmental iodine occurs in seawater as iodide; a small amount enters the atmosphere and, through rain, enters ground water and soil near the sea. Thus, people living far from the sea and at higher altitudes are at particular risk of iodine deficiency.
Fortifying table salt with iodide (typically 70 mcg/g) helps ensure adequate intake (150 mcg/day). Requirements are higher for pregnant (220 mcg/day) and lactating (290 mcg/day) women.
(See also Overview of Mineral Deficiency and Toxicity.)
Iodine deficiency is rare in areas where iodized salt is used but common worldwide. Iodine deficiency develops when iodide intake is lt; 20 mcg/day. -
Doddery
A term used to describe some [pretentious] nonsense or something that was not nearly as [impressive] it [claimed] to be
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Farm out (in) arrangement
An arrangement, used primarily in the oil and gas industry, in which the owner or lessee of mineral rights (the first party) assigns a working interest to an operator (the second party), the consideration for which is specified exploration and/or development activities. The first party retains an overriding royalty or other type of economic interest in the mineral production. The arrangement from the viewpoint of the second party is termed a farm-in arrangement.
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Expenditures per square foot
The aggregate ratio of a group of buildings total expenditures for a given fuel to the total floor space in those buildings.
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EPA composite MPG
The harmonic mean of the EPA city and highway MPG (miles per gallon), weighted under the assumption of 55 percent city driving and 45 percent highway driving.
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Congenital neck and back abnormalities
Neck and back abnormalities can be caused by soft-tissue or bony injuries or by vertebral anomalies.
(See also Introduction to Congenital Craniofacial and Musculoskeletal Disorders.)
Vertebral anomalies can be singular or part of a syndrome.
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American Cheese, Processed
any of the group of US cheeses made with emulsifiers to increase smoothness and pasteurized milk to increase storage life; 51% of the final weight must be cheese.
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Affiliated wholesale grocer
A wholesaler that provides goods and services to retailers that belong to a cooperative association.
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Energy management practices
Involvement, as a part of the buildings normal operations, in energy efficiency programs that are designed to reduce the energy used by specific end-use systems. This includes the following